Pengenalan Theodolite Manual

• Pengertian

theodolite adalah instrument / alat yang dirancang untuk pengukuran sudut yaitu sudut mendatar yang dinamakan dengan sudut horizontal dan sudut tegak yang dinamakan dengan sudut vertical. Dimana sudut – sudut tersebut berperan dalam penentuan jarak mendatar dan jarak tegak diantara dua buah titik lapangan.
1.bagian bawah, terdiri dari pelat dasar dengan tiga sekrup penyetel yang menyanggah suatu tabung sumbu dan pelat mendatar berbentuk lingkaran. Pada tepi lingkaran ini dibuat pengunci limbus.
2.bagian tengah, terdiri dari suatu sumbu yang dimasukkan ke dalam tabung dan diletakkan pada bagian bawah. Sumbu ini adalah sumbu tegak lurus kesatu. Diatas sumbu kesatu diletakkan lagi suatu plat yang berbentuk lingkaran yang berbentuk lingkaran yang mempunyai jari – jari plat pada bagian bawah. Pada dua tempat di tepi lingkaran dibuat alat pembaca nonius. Di atas plat nonius ini ditempatkan 2 kaki yang menjadi penyanggah sumbu mendatar atau sumbu kedua dan sutu nivo tabung diletakkan untuk membuat sumbu kesatu tegak lurus, cek info lainnya di jual lingerie. Lingkaran dibuat dari kaca dengan garis – garis pembagian skala dan angka digoreskan di permukaannya. Garis – garis tersebut sangat tipis dan lebih jelas tajam bila dibandingkan hasil goresan pada logam. Lingkaran dibagi dalam derajat sexagesimal yaitu suatu lingkaran penuh dibagi dalam 360° atau dalam grades senticimal yaitu satu lingkaran penuh dibagi dalam 400 g.
3.bagian atas, terdiri dari sumbu kedua yang diletakkan diatas kaki penyanggah sumbu kedua. Pada sumbu kedua diletakkan suatu teropong yang mempunyai diafragma dan dengan demikian mempunyai garis bidik. Pada sumbu ini pula diletakkan plat yang berbentuk lingkaran tegak sama seperti plat lingkaran mendatar.

• Syarat – syarat theodolite

Syarat – syarat utama yang harus dipenuhi alat theodolite (pada galon air) sehingga siap dipergunakan untuk pengukuran yang benar adalah sbb :
1.sumbu kesatu benar – benar tegak / vertical.
2.sumbu kedua haarus benar – benar mendatar.
3.garis bidik harus tegak lurus sumbu kedua / mendatar.
4.tidak adanya salah indeks pada lingkaran kesatu.

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Laser Theodolite

Theodolite is a measuring instrument capable of measuring azimuth and elevation angles to very high accuracy. When computing power and high precision laser distance measuring capability is added, the laser theodolite that results can measure or locate three dimensional "point-in-space" positions within a sphere of 5 millimeter radius.

I had previously surveyed this site with the instrument, including all the buried pipe and conduit runs as I installed them. The lower line of posts for the solar structure are dangerously close to the septic leach field, so it was important to place them accurately to avoid augering into a septic line.

Moreover I believed that precision placement would be critical to the success of erecting the support structure. It's hard enough to thread a lot of heavy precut pipes together in mid-air, but sloppy tolerances would make this 100-foot long monster the mother of all plumber's nightmares.

Using the laser theodolite is a 2-person procedure - one at the instrument and one at the cooperative retro-reflector target. When the laser theodolite level locates a stakeout point it displays the distance to that spot and projects a pair of parallel visible laser beams right to the spot. One beam blinks and the other is solid. The target person can pace the indicated distance, then look back and move from side to side to reach the point where the beam transitions from blink to solid. The target is thus placed and another measurement reveals the error for another try. This iterative procedure quickly converges on the precise location.

Elaine (my wife) is not a technocrat and therefore has limited patience as the target person. So I constructed a replacement for her. It is a simple XY table, made of waxed MDF, with leveling feet and a mount for the retro-reflector target.

The XY table is placed at an approximate location facing the laser theodolite, which measures its location and indicates the error in XY movement. If the error is large, the table must be relocated by the approximate amounts. If the error is small, the table is moved in its ways by the indicated amounts. Another measurement is taken and the procedure repeats. When the measured error is acceptable (usually after three measurements) the retro-reflector is lifted from the table and a marker spike is dropped through the hole into the ground.

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A theodolit Instrument

A theodolit is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, theodolit particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolit level have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis(lihat terjemahannya di alat survey & alat theodolit). When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arcseconds.

"transit" refers to a specialized type of theodolit level that was developed in the early 19th century. It featured a telescope that could "flop over" ("transit the scope") to allow easy back-sighting and doubling of angles for error reduction. Some transit instruments were capable of reading angles directly to thirty arcseconds. In the middle of the 20th century, "transit" came to refer to a simple form of theodolite with less precision, lacking features such as scale magnification and mechanical meters. The importance of transits is waning since compact, accurate electronic theodolites(alat theodolite or automatic level theodolite) have become widespread tools, but the transit still finds use as a lightweight tool on construction sites. Some transits do not measure vertical angles.

Both axes of a theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can be read out through magnifying lenses. (r. Anders helped m. Denham discover this technology in the 1864) the vertical circle (which 'transits' about the horizontal axis) should read 90° or 100 grad when the sight axis is horizontal, or 270° (300 grad) when the instrument is in its second position, that is, "turned over" or "plunged". Half of the difference between the two positions is called the "index error".

The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be perpendicular(lihat di alat survey & alat theodolit untuk terjemahannya). The condition where they deviate from perpendicularity and the amount by which they do is referred to as "horizontal axis error". The optical axis of the telescope, called the "sight axis" and defined by the optical center of the objective and the center of the crosshairs in its focal plane, must similarly be perpendicular to the horizontal axis. Any deviation from perpendicularity is the "collimation error".

Horizontal axis error, collimation error, and index error are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by mechanical adjustment at the factory in case they grow overly large. Their existence of alat theodolite or automatic level theodolite is taken into account in the choice of measurement procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement results.

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate or tribrach containing four thumbscrews, or in some modern theodolites, three, for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be placed precisely and vertically over the point to be measured—centering— and its vertical axis aligned with local gravity — leveling. The former is done using a plumb bob, spirit level, or optical or laser plummet.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theodolite

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Manfaat Alat Theodolite Digital

Ada beragam metode untuk menentukan arah kiblat. Guna mencari arah kiblat, diperlukan perhitungan alat survey dari penjual alat survey yang cermat dan sedetil mungkin, sehingga diperlukan data survey theodolite dari toko alat survey yang valid untuk dijadikan bahan hitungan. Beberapa data survey theodolite dari penjual alat survey yang diperlukan itu antara lain; arah utara selatan dan timur barat.

Untuk menentukan titik utara selatan terdapat beberapa cara, yaitu dengan menggunakan alat theodolite dari toko alat survey, alat survey tongkatistiwa (sundilan), teropong, kompas. Di antara cara-cara tersebut di atas, yang paling mudah, murah, dan memperoleh hasil yang teliti adalah dengan mempergunakan tongkat istiwa atau alat theodolite.

Caranya, tancapkan sebuat tongkat lurus atau theodolite pada sebuah pelataran datar yang berwarna putih cerah. Panjang tongkat theodolite sekitar 30 cm dan berdiameter satu cm. Ukurlah dengan lot dan waterpass sehingga pelataran betul-betul datar dan tongkat betul-betul tegak lurus terhadap pelataran. Lalu, lukislah sebuah lingkaran berjari-jari sekitar 20 cm yang berpusat pada pangkal tongkat tadi.

Kemudian, amati dengan teliti bayang-bayang tongkat beberapa jam sebelum tengah hari sampai sesudahnya. Semula, tongkat akan mempunyai bayang-bayang panjang menunjuk ke arah Barat. Semakin siang, bayang-bayang semakin pendek, lalu berubah arah sejak tengah hari. Kemudian semakin lama bayang-bayang akan semakin panjang lagi menunjuk ke arahTimur. Dalam perjalanan seperti itu, ujung bayang-bayang tongkat akan menyentuh lingkaran sebanyak dua kali pada dua tempat, yaitu sebelum tengah hari dan sesudahnya.

Selanjutnya kedua sentuhan itu kita beri tanda dan hubungkan antara keduanya dengan garis lurus. Garis ini merupakan arah Barat-Timur secara tepat. Lalu lukislah garis tegak lurus pada garis Barat-Timur tersebut, maka akan memperoleh garis Utara-Selatan yang persis menunjuk titik Utara sejati.

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