Theodolite Survey Tips

theodolite atau theodolit merupakan alat yang paling canggih di antara peralatan yang digunakan dalam survei. Pada dasarnya alat ini berupa sebuah teleskop yang ditempatkan pada suatu dasar berbentuk membulat (piringan) yang dapat diputar-putar mengelilingi sumbu vertikal, sehingga memungkinkan sudut horisontal untuk dibaca. Teleskop tersebut juga dipasang pada piringan kedua dan dapat diputar-putar mengelilingi sumbu horisontal, sehingga memungkinkan sudut vertikal untuk dibaca. Kedua sudut tersebut dapat dibaca dengan tingkat ketelitian sangat tinggi (farrington 1997).

Teleskop pada theodolite atau theodolit dilengkapi dengan garis vertikal, stadia tengah, stadia atas dan bawah, sehingga efektif untuk digunakan dalam tacheometri, sehingga jarak dan tinggi relatif dapat dihitung. Dengan pengukuran sudut yang demikian bagus, maka ketepatan pengukuran yang diperoleh dapat mencapai 1 cm dalam 10 km. Pada saat ini alat survey seperti alat theodolit sudah diperbaiki dengan menambahkan suatu komponen elektronik. Komponen ini akan menembakkan beam ke objek yang direfleksikan kembali ke mesin melalui cermin. Dengan menggunakan komponen alat survey seperti alat theodolit tersebut pengukuran jarak dan tinggi relatif hanya berlangsung beberapa detik saja. Bila komponen tersebut ditempatkan pada bagian atas alat theodolite, maka disebut electronic distance measurers (edm), namun bila merupakan satu unit tersendiri maka disebut automatic level atau theodolite total station (farrington 1997).

survei dengan menggunakan theodolite dilakukan bila situs yang akan dipetakan luas dan atau cukup sulit untuk diukur, dan terutama bila situs tersebut memiliki relief atau perbedaan ketinggian yang besar. Dengan menggunakan automatic level atau theodolite total station ini, keseluruhan kenampakan atau gejala akan dapat dipetakan dengan cepat dan efisien (farrington 1997).

Alat-alat yang diperlukan: sebuah survey theodolite, tripod, levelling stave, buku catatan, pensil, patok berbendera untuk menandai situs.

Cara pembacaan sudut berbeda antara satu tipe alat theodolite dengan tipe yang lain. Tiap alat theodolite mempunyai sebuah skala vernier. Skala ini akan memberikan hasil pembacaan derajat dan menit.

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Laser Theodolite

Theodolite is a measuring instrument capable of measuring azimuth and elevation angles to very high accuracy. When computing power and high precision laser distance measuring capability is added, the laser theodolite that results can measure or locate three dimensional "point-in-space" positions within a sphere of 5 millimeter radius.

I had previously surveyed this site with the instrument, including all the buried pipe and conduit runs as I installed them. The lower line of posts for the solar structure are dangerously close to the septic leach field, so it was important to place them accurately to avoid augering into a septic line.

Moreover I believed that precision placement would be critical to the success of erecting the support structure. It's hard enough to thread a lot of heavy precut pipes together in mid-air, but sloppy tolerances would make this 100-foot long monster the mother of all plumber's nightmares.

Using the laser theodolite is a 2-person procedure - one at the instrument and one at the cooperative retro-reflector target. When the laser theodolite level locates a stakeout point it displays the distance to that spot and projects a pair of parallel visible laser beams right to the spot. One beam blinks and the other is solid. The target person can pace the indicated distance, then look back and move from side to side to reach the point where the beam transitions from blink to solid. The target is thus placed and another measurement reveals the error for another try. This iterative procedure quickly converges on the precise location.

Elaine (my wife) is not a technocrat and therefore has limited patience as the target person. So I constructed a replacement for her. It is a simple XY table, made of waxed MDF, with leveling feet and a mount for the retro-reflector target.

The XY table is placed at an approximate location facing the laser theodolite, which measures its location and indicates the error in XY movement. If the error is large, the table must be relocated by the approximate amounts. If the error is small, the table is moved in its ways by the indicated amounts. Another measurement is taken and the procedure repeats. When the measured error is acceptable (usually after three measurements) the retro-reflector is lifted from the table and a marker spike is dropped through the hole into the ground.

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Perkembangan Theodolite

Sebelum ke theodolite, instrumen seperti geometris persegi dan berbagai kalangan lulus dan semicircles telah digunakan untuk memperoleh secara vertikal atau horisontal sudut pengukuran. Itu hanya soal waktu sebelum seseorang menempatkan dua pengukuran perangkat dalam satu instrumen yang dapat mengukur kedua sudut secara bersamaan. Gregorius Reisch menunjukkan sebuah instrumen dalam lampiran dari bukunya Margarita Philosophica, dia yang diterbitkan di dalam Strasburg 1512. ini dijelaskan dalam lampiran oleh Martin Waldseemüller, sebuah topographer Rhineland dan peta, yang menjadikan perangkat ini di tahun yang sama . Waldseemüller instrumen yang disebut-Nya polimetrum.

Pertama kemunculan kata "teodolit" ditemukan dalam survei buku J geometris praktek bernama Pantometria (1571) oleh Leonard Digges, yang telah diterbitkan anumerta oleh anaknya, Thomas Digges. etimologi dari kata tersebut tidak dikenal. Bagian pertama Baru latin theo-delitus mungkin berasal dari bahasa Yunani θεαομαι, "tiba-tiba ke atas atau cari perhatian", tetapi bagian kedua lebih banyak menimbulkan teka-teki dan sering dikaitkan dengan sebuah variasi δηλος tdk seperti seorang sarjana, yang berarti "jelas "atau" jelas ".

Ada beberapa kebingungan tentang instrumen yang nama pada awalnya diterapkan. Beberapa mengidentifikasi awal theodolite azimut sebagai instrumen saja, sedangkan yang lain sebagai menentukan altazimuth instrumen. Dalam Digges buku, nama "theodolit" dijelaskan alat untuk mengukur sudut horisontal saja. Dia juga dijelaskan alat yang diukur baik ketinggian dan azimut, dia yang disebut sebagai instrumen topographicall [sic]. Jadi nama awalnya hanya diterapkan ke azimut instrumen dan hanya kemudian menjadi terkait dengan instrumen altazimuth. 1728 membandingkannya dengan ensiklopedi "graphometer" menjadi "setengah theodolit". Bahkan sebagai sebagai akhir abad ke-19, dengan alat untuk mengukur sudut horisontal hanya disebut sederhana alat survey theodolit dan instrumen altazimuth, yang biasa teodolit.

Instrumen pertama lebih seperti alat survey theodolit benar adalah kemungkinan yang dibangun oleh Joshua Habermel (de: Erasmus Habermehl) di Jerman pada 1576, lengkap dengan kompas dan tripod.

Awal altazimuth instrumen yang terdiri dari dasar lulus dengan penuh lingkaran di sayap vertikal dan sudut pengukuran perangkat yang paling sering setengah lingkaran. Alidade pada sebuah dasar yang digunakan untuk melihat obyek untuk pengukuran sudut horisontal, dan yang kedua alidade telah terpasang pada vertikal setengah lingkaran. Nanti satu instrumen telah alidade pada vertikal setengah lingkaran dan setengah lingkaran keseluruhan telah terpasang sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan sudut horisontal secara langsung. Pada akhirnya, sederhana, buka-mata alidade diganti dengan pengamatan teleskop. Ini pertama kali dilakukan oleh Jonathan Sisson pada 1725.

Alat survey theodolite yang menjadi modern, akurat dalam instrumen 1787 dengan diperkenalkannya Jesse Ramsden alat survey theodolite besar yang terkenal, yang dia buat menggunakan mesin pemisah sangat akurat dari desain sendiri.

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Modern Survey Theodolites

in today's theodolites laser auto level and theodolites laser liner, the reading out of the horizontal and vertical circles is usually done electronically. the readout is done by a rotary encoder, which can be absolute, e.g. using gray codes, or incremental, using theodolite laser auto level and theodolites laser liner equidistant light and dark radial bands. in the latter case the circles spin rapidly, reducing angle measurement to electronic measurement of time differences. additionally, lately ccd sensors have been added to the focal plane of the telescope allowing both auto-targeting and the automated measurement of residual target offset. all this is implemented in embedded software.

also, many modern laser theodolite and theodolite level, costing up to $10,000 apiece, are equipped with integrated electro-optical distance measuring devices, generally infrared based, allowing the measurement in one go of complete three-dimensional vectors -- albeit in instrument-defined polar co-ordinates—which can then be transformed to a pre-existing co-ordinate system in the area by means of a sufficient number of control points. this technique laser theodolite and theodolite level is called a resection solution or free station position surveying and is widely used in mapping surveying. the instruments theodolite, "intelligent" level theodolite called self-registering tacheometers or "level theodolite total stations", perform the necessary operations, saving data into internal registering units, or into external data storage devices. typically, ruggedized laptops or pdas are used as data collectors for this purpose.

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A theodolit Instrument

A theodolit is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, theodolit particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolit level have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis(lihat terjemahannya di alat survey & alat theodolit). When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arcseconds.

"transit" refers to a specialized type of theodolit level that was developed in the early 19th century. It featured a telescope that could "flop over" ("transit the scope") to allow easy back-sighting and doubling of angles for error reduction. Some transit instruments were capable of reading angles directly to thirty arcseconds. In the middle of the 20th century, "transit" came to refer to a simple form of theodolite with less precision, lacking features such as scale magnification and mechanical meters. The importance of transits is waning since compact, accurate electronic theodolites(alat theodolite or automatic level theodolite) have become widespread tools, but the transit still finds use as a lightweight tool on construction sites. Some transits do not measure vertical angles.

Both axes of a theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can be read out through magnifying lenses. (r. Anders helped m. Denham discover this technology in the 1864) the vertical circle (which 'transits' about the horizontal axis) should read 90° or 100 grad when the sight axis is horizontal, or 270° (300 grad) when the instrument is in its second position, that is, "turned over" or "plunged". Half of the difference between the two positions is called the "index error".

The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be perpendicular(lihat di alat survey & alat theodolit untuk terjemahannya). The condition where they deviate from perpendicularity and the amount by which they do is referred to as "horizontal axis error". The optical axis of the telescope, called the "sight axis" and defined by the optical center of the objective and the center of the crosshairs in its focal plane, must similarly be perpendicular to the horizontal axis. Any deviation from perpendicularity is the "collimation error".

Horizontal axis error, collimation error, and index error are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by mechanical adjustment at the factory in case they grow overly large. Their existence of alat theodolite or automatic level theodolite is taken into account in the choice of measurement procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement results.

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate or tribrach containing four thumbscrews, or in some modern theodolites, three, for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be placed precisely and vertically over the point to be measured—centering— and its vertical axis aligned with local gravity — leveling. The former is done using a plumb bob, spirit level, or optical or laser plummet.

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Type Of Digital Theodolite

A theodolite is an instrument for Laser Auto Level & Laser Liner measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern Laser Auto Level & Laser Liner theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arcseconds.

"Transit" refers to a specialized type of Laser Theodolite & Theodolite Level that was developed in the early 19th century. It featured a telescope that could "flop over" ("transit the scope") to allow easy back-sighting and doubling of angles for error reduction. Some transit instruments of Laser Theodolite & Theodolite Level were capable of reading angles directly to thirty arcseconds. In the middle of the 20th century, "transit" came to refer to a simple form of theodolite with less precision, lacking features such as scale magnification and mechanical meters. The importance of Theodolite Laser & Level Laser transits is waning since compact, accurate electronic theodolites have become widespread tools, but the transit still finds use as a lightweight tool on construction sites. Some transits do not measure vertical angles.

The builder's Theodolite Laser & Level Laser is often mistaken for a transit but is actually a type of inclinometer. It measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply combines a spirit level and telescope to allow the user to visually establish a line of sight along a level plane.

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Alat Ukur Teodolite Laser

A theodolite Laser Auto Level & Laser Liner(IPA: /θiːˈɒdəlаɪt/) is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arcseconds.

"Transit Laser Auto Level & Laser Liner" refers to a specialized type of theodolite that was developed in the early 19th century. It featured a telescope that could "flop over" ("transit the scope") to allow easy back-sighting and doubling of angles for error reduction. Some transit instruments were capable of reading angles directly to thirty arcseconds. In the middle of the 20th century, "transit" came to refer to a simple form of theodolite with less precision, lacking features such as scale magnification and mechanical meters. The importance of transits is waning since compact, accurate electronic theodolites have become widespread tools, but the transit still finds use as a lightweight tool on construction sites. Some transits do not measure vertical angles.

The builder's level of Laser Theodolite & Theodolite Level is often mistaken for a transit but is actually a type of inclinometer. It measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply combines a spirit level and telescope to allow the user to visually establish a line of sight along a level plane

The horizontal and vertical axes of aTheodolite Laser, Level Laser & Level Theodolite must be perpendicular. The condition where they deviate from perpendicularity and the amount by which they do is referred to as "horizontal axis error". The optical axis of the telescope, called the "sight axis" and defined by the optical center of the objective and the center of the crosshairs in its focal plane, must similarly be perpendicular to the horizontal axis. Any deviation from perpendicularity is the "collimation error".

Theodolite Laser, Level Laser & Level Theodolite Horizontal axis error, collimation error, and index error are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by mechanical adjustment at the factory in case they grow overly large. Their existence is taken into account in the choice of measurement procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement results.

Laser Theodolite & Theodolite Level is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate or tribrach containing four thumbscrews, or in some modern theodolites, three, for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be placed precisely and vertically over the point to be measured—centering—and its vertical axis aligned with local gravity — leveling. The former is done using a plumb bob, spirit level, or optical or laser plummet.

more info find in Laser Auto Level ~ Laser Liner ~ Laser Theodolite ~ Theodolite Level ~ Laser Level ~ Liner Laser ~ Theodolite Laser ~ Level Laser ~ Level Theodolite dan Laser Auto Level:Laser Liner – Laser Theodolite & Theodolite Level Jakarta at 88db.com

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